Creatinine Lab

Title Creatinine Assay cypher To determine the creatinine clearance of a selected undiluted water supply samples by lifelike extrapolation from a creatinine curve. Materials and Apparatus University of the West Indies Department of Basic Medical Sciences testing ground Manual BC35A, Creatinine Assay, pages 6-8, 2012 Changes to the Method The experiment utilised one undiluted urine samples for concentration determination instead of quintuple aliquots of twenty four second urine samples.The urine sample and standard creatinine solutions were analyzed spectrophotometrically approximately five minutes after they were made up instead of using the deal time interval (minutes) as suggested by the laboratory manual. Results Please expect attachments. Discussion Creatinine is a chemical waste breakwaterecule that is generated from vim metabolism. It is an anhydride of creatine, the check product of phosphocreatine metabolism measurements of its rate of urinary excretion argon used as diagnostic indicators of kidney function and sinew galvanic pile. The experiment utilized serum creatinine.Creatinine is filtered out of the furrow by the kidneys (glomerular filtration). There is little cannular reabsorption of creatinine. If the filtering of the kidney is deficient, creatinine breed levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in decline and urine whitethorn be used to calculate the creatinine clearance which reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is clinically great be set out it is a measurement of nephritic function . A more terminated estimation of renal function can be made when version the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of carbamide. pealing-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea newton to creatinine) can advise other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney for example, a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine whitethorn indicate a pre-renal problem such as volume depletion. The typical charitable reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0. 5 to 1. 0 mg/dl (about 45-90 ? mol/l) for women and 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg/dl (60-110 ? mol/L) for men. time a baseline serum creatinine of 2. 0 mg/dl (150 ? mol/l) may indicate normal kidney function in a manlike body builder.The experimental creatinine levels obtained for the undiluted sample of creatinine is ____________, the values obtained are concentrateificantly higher(prenominal) than the normal creatinine values for a healthy male or female. Factors that may commit to the noble-minded levels of serum creatinine may include a disorder of the kidneys and impaired renal function. These disorders include glomerulonephritis characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the kidneys, bacterial infection of the kidneys or pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis, or cell death in the kidneys small tubes holdd by toxic substances.Obstruction of the urinary tract, such as with prostate disease or kidney sto nes, can in addition cause impaired kidney function and lead to princely creatinine levels. Increased muscle mass indicates summationd creatine phosphate, which translates to increased creatinine levels in the blood. Acromegaly and gigantism are disorders caused by abnormality of the pituitary gland and can be associated with increased muscle mass also the ingestion of steroidal substances that stimulates an increase in muscle mass.When medical conditions affect normal blood issue to the kidneys, renal function becomes impaired thus increasing creatinine levels in the blood. Shock, or a sudden critical drop in blood range to the body, compromises renal status because the kidneys are not being nourished. Dehydration causes cut down renal blood conflate, as well. In people with congestive warmness failure, the heart is not adequately pumping blood towards the kidneys and other organs. Atherosclerosis, or narrowing of the arteries, and diabetic nephropathy are other condition s that reduce blood flow to the kidneys.Precautions/Sources of Error 1. The experiment utilize spectrophotometric machines that are susceptible to light interfence from the away environment and interference from glassware that is not properly comelyed, this may cause faulty readings. 2. Contamination of serum standard solutions of creatinine may give inaccurate readings when using the spectrophotometric machines, hence contamination should be prevented by using clean glassware and wearing all the protected clothing that is applicable. Questions a) Factors that may contribute to varying creatinine levels include (1)The most common abnormality in a creatinine blood level is a change in kidney function. The kidneys are dispassionate of around a million filters for each kidney, called nephrons. Each of these nephrons contains tubular structures that process the filtering of waste materials and the re-absorption of necessary materials in the blood that passed through the nephrons. Most creatinine is unremarkably filtered out along two structures called the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule, maintaining the low levels of creatinine in the blood.A rise in creatinine blood levels indicates that this filtration is not taking place, suggesting there is a problem with kidney function. (2) Creatinine levels can be affected by transient or non-disease factors that are not kidney malfunction. Bodybuilders, because of the excess of muscular tissue that creates creatinine, will typically have high levels of creatinine. Severe dehydration will cause higher than normal creatinine. Eating a great deal of meat fitting hours ahead blood is drawn can elevate creatinine levels.Some drugs will cause higher than normal creatinine blood levels. These causes are ruled out before a follow up test to determine the cause of elevated creatinine. Low creatinine levels may indicate muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis gravis. (3) Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnanc y, the cause of which is poorly understood. Elevated creatinine may indicate preeclampsia in pregnant women, especially women on their root pregnancy. Untreated preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, a life-threatening exaltation disorder.Elevated creatinine in conjunction with swelling of the hands and face is an early sign of preeclampsia. Later signs may include persistent headache, pain in the upper-right quarter-circle of the abdomen, inadequate urination, agitation and nausea. 2b) The amount of creatinine the body produces each day depends on the persons muscle mass a young, muscular man produces more creatinine than a average non athletic male. Because muscle mass normally changes very little, creatinine is normally produced at about the same rate every day in each person.However, if continuous exercise is performed as in the case of an supporter the muscle employs the creatine phosphate metabolism more often and hence more creatine and creatinine is metabolized which will eve ntually increase the muscle mass of the individual. Athletes may also ingest creatine which will stimulate the business of creatinine in the body and will contribute to an increase in muscle mass. 2c) The blood urea test is a measure of the amount of northward in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function.Urea is a by-product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain between 7 to 21 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (721 mg/dL) of blood. BUN is an indication of renal health. Normal ranges 2. 5-6. 5mmol/L. If Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and blood volume then BUN will increase. Conclusion The experimental results indicate that there was a elevated serum creatinine level that was above the normal levels.Elevated serum concentration may indicate impaired liver function. The serum creatini ne level was found to be ______________. References 1. Delanghe J De Slypere JP, De Buyzere M, Robbrecht J, Wieme R, Vermeulen A (Aug 1989). Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are let down in vegetarians. Retreived October 3, 2012. 2. The creatine-creatinine equilibrium. The apparent dissociation constants of creatine and creatinine. Retrieved October 3, 2012. 3. International Society of Sports forage position stand creatine supplementation and exercise. October 3, 2012.