Anthropology Concepts Derived from Functionalism and Culture

Anthropology Concepts Derived from Functionalism and CultureMalinowskiHis approach to anthropology was based on processalism and culture. Functionalism ascribes meaning, function, and purpose to the elements at bottom a whole. Culture defines that whole, and it constitutes the entity in which the various functional elements act and ar interdependent.Malinowskis understanding of functionalism was in large part derived from a system of equilibrise reciprocity that he observed while conducting field spend a penny. This system is getn as the Kula surround and involves annual inter-island visits between trading associates who central highly cute shell ornaments. The goods used in Kula substitutions consist of both types necklaces (soulava) and armbands (mwali). Neither pile item is particularly well made or crafted of r atomic number 18 materials. He inferred that the principal motivation for the enormous expenditure of time and effort confused in Kula journeys to be non-uti litarian.In the system, each participant is linked to twain partners. One partner handicrafts a necklace in return for an armband of equivalent value. The separate makes a reverse exchange of an armband for a necklace. While each Kula partner is tied to still two other partners, each polish off has an special tie-up on either end of the distribution chain. This at long last forms the Kula Ring and this links more than a dozen islands oer hundreds of miles of ocean. Malinowski reas 1d that the cost and preoccupation with Kula lot must be functional in temperament and close likely served to solve fundamental spatial problems in the Islanders lives. He argued that Kula Ring served three functions in Trobriand hostelry.First, it serves to establish friendly relations among the inhabitants of polar islands and maintain a expression of peaceful contact and communication oer great distances with trading partners who might or might non verbalize the same language.It provide s the occasion for the inter-island exchange of utilitarian items. These utilitarian items are shipped rear and forth in the course of Kula expeditions.Finally, they reinforce status, since the hereditary chiefs own the most important shell valuables and it is their responsibility for directing ocean voyages.SahlinSecond, symbolic objects and empowers get long been recognized as a form of interartion that can b surround into macrocosm meaning for free radical memebers, especially in terms of foste inner circle connection among group memebers or between groups. Polanyi (1944) and Sahlin (1972) showed how, until very recently in clement history, was not about gaining profit but about forging and maintaining group solidarity.Marcel maussTo give, to accept, and to reciprocate.Door Janet T. LandaMalinowski rejected the notion that Kula largess exchanges were motivated by economic considerations. Rather, Malinowksi emphasized that the motives were social and psychological. Thus be gan a long view among anthropologists attempting to to unravel the puizzle of the Kula ring. As a give of subsequent work by anthropologists, a view began to crystallize that the instrumental function of the Kula Ring was the foot op political order via the creation of networks of alliances among stateless societeies so as to urge commercial trade. This view, implicitly or explicitly, attributed an underlying economic function to Kula make exchanges and did much to explain a major puzzle of the Kula ring. The anthropological sales booth that the Kula gift exchange system creates primitive laws and order in a stateless societies is consistent with modern PR PC opening, which emphasizeds the richness of institustions in facilitating exchange. Ric unstated Posner (1980) in his insightful paper on the economic functions of institutions of primitive societeies, explains the Kula ringa as an institution that facilitated trade. Quoting Belshaw (1965), Posner says The Kula it self wsa not oriented to mindividual trade in ints watching activities. but alonghside the kula persons visiting theru partners took advantage of the oppurtunities to engage in trade. Malinoswki makes point that kula partners would exchange gifts of a trade character in addition to vaygu s (the ornamental objects change in the kula ring), and the szecurity afforded by the partenership would make it possible for the visitor to make contact with other persons in the village and trade with them.An explanation of the Kula ring in terms of its role in facilitating trade, while explaining the major puzzle of the kula ring, leaves unrequited tow other major puzzles of the kula ring not explained by anthropologist or anyone else. The two puzzled, which this paper will attempt to explain, are1. Why is the Kula trade organized in the form of a ring of connected partners? and 2. why in the kula ring are there two different ceremonial occasion goods circulating in opposite directions perceptua lly around the ring?In this chapter we on PR-PC theory of the economics od signaling to develop a theory of the Kula ring that will unravel the Kula puzzles. Fundamental to our theory of the Kula ring is the assumption that transaction costs are positive. The emphasis on the importance of the foundations of modern PR-PC theory and modern monetary theory. Recdently, the insoight that institutions matter in a world with positive transactin costst has been extended to explain certain institutions of primitive societies. The theory of the kula ring presented in this chapter is consisten with the transaction costst approach to intitutions in emphasizing that the kula ring is an institutional arrangement that emerged primarily in orde to economize on transaction costs of intertribal commercial exchange in stateless societies. appearance OF GIVE AND TAKE IN KULAA visiting Kula partner arrives with a solicitary gift (e.g. food) and is given an opening gift, say a necklace, from his bonif ace Kula partner, the must be reciprocated woth a counter-gift, an armshell, of equivalent value at a future date. It should be noted that no kula valuables are carried on afield kula expeditions the visiting kula partner visits his host partner in order to line up gifts and not to give them. Between any two kula partners, the is an institutionalized delay reciprocity, involving two opposite kinds of objects. But at the same time, each of these two objects must be passed on in one direction only so that a chain of unidirectional trading kula partners is built up in the kula ring. The global structure of the kula exchange is one that is characterized by cyclical, validatory reciprocation between connected pairs of partners (levi-strauss 1969). Furthermore, a time limit is alike prescribed for a recipient of a gift to pass it on to one of his partnersA earth who is in the kula, never keeps any obligate for longer thas, say, a year or tweo. Even this exposes him to the reproach o f being niggardly and certain districts have the bad reputationj of being slow and hard in the kula (Malinowski, 1961).In this Kula gift exchange the equivalence of the closing gift is left to the giver. What are the mechanisms for ensuring that the partners will honor the obligation to reciprocate? quadruplet mechanisms can be identified.1. Role of intermediary gifts if a kula partner cannot revenge his partner when the latter visits him, he must reciprocate the opening gift with a smaller gift, and intermediary gift, given in symbol of good faith, which itself must be reciprocated by his partner. Thus the time interval between receiving the opening gift and reciprocating the closing gift is bridged by a series of smaller gift exchanges between Kula partners.2. Role of reputation A kula partner who does not repay a gift will eventually lose his reputation and Kula partners.3. Role of give and take moral work out in which the wealthy man is obligated to share wealth the higher( prenominal) the rank the greater the obligation4. Role of public magical rites and ceremonial acts magical rites and public ceremonial acts always accompany an overseas Kula expedition these rites and ceremonies act indirectly on the mind of ones partner and make him soft, insteady in mind and eager to give kula gifts. Malinowski also suggested the use of sorcery by a kula trader against the defaulting partner.A third set of rules governs membership in the kula ring. Kula exchange is not free exchange between anonymous parties whenever the hazard arises. Strict rules govern who can enter the Kula ring. To enter the ring, a man must inherit a kula object and magic from his father or mothers brother. Once he obtains a kula object, he can initiate a kula partnership with his fathers or mothers brothers partners or other partners in the kula ring. Once a kula partnership is established, it is a lifelong partnership and is passed on from multiplication to generation Once in the kula, always in the kula. Not all easternmost Papuo-Melanasionans in massim, however, can participate in the Kula ring. For example, ceratin inferior sub-clans in Kiriwana are excluded.A man can have few or many partners depending on his rank. A commoner in the trobriands would have a few partners who lived in nearby islands, whereas a chief would have hundreds of partners distributed over several islands. But there is a geographic limit beyond which no kula traders, not even the most influential chief, has any partnerd and the furthest limits of kula partnership are the same for all the memebers of the kula community. Thus, for example, no man in SIneketa has any partners in Kitiva, and no man in S.E. Dobu or Dobu island has Kila partners in Sineketa. Beyond the geographic limit , however, a kula trader still know the mnames of his indirect partners, i.e. the partnersfo his partners.. Participants of the kula ring regard the kula trade as acircular system (Damon 1983). The pattern of k ula exchange is ver comples. The simplest structure of exchange would be one in whichIf we were to imagin that in the kkula ring, there are many peopke who have only one partern at each side, the the ring would consist of a lartge number of closed circuits, on each of which the same article swould constantly pass. However, the actual structure of the kula exchange is much more complex sinceEvery small kula man , as a a rule, has on one side or the other, the overlarge one, that is a chief. And every chief plays the part of a shunting station for kula objects. Having so many partners on each side, he constantly transfers an object from one strand to another.EIGEN TEKST (uit boven staande site ge parafraseert)Structure of intertribal commercial tradeAnthropologists that studied Malinowskis account of the Kula ring (Campbell 1983 Dalton 1978) Mauss 1979 Sahlins 1969 Uberoi 1971) , feel that Malinowski underestimated the importance of the economical function of the Kula ring, and the way in which it made commercial exchange much easier. sounding closer at the trade process, it is noted that there is a element and specialization of work. Different parties have different specialties for which they are known (e.g. yams, woody bowls, pots, sago, canoes, etc.), and there is a certain pattern in the different kinds of those finest products that are exchanged between islands in the Kula ring (e.g. yams from the Trobriands against pots from the Amphletts).MAIN POINTS ACCORDING TO MS KOMTER Its all about relationships, social capital. Kula the ring of power, identity/status identity operator confirmed by what you receive Will the kula survive essay top dog Right of passage Obligations (inner) Generosity exoectations of return Magic Role of taking risks negative more important than positive experiences, dare to be courageous. leaving through all shit makes you a man.Classical anthropologists and ethnologists like Malinowski, Mauss and Lvi-Strauss studied the origins of social order by focusing at a very concrete habit that appears to be wide-spread in archaic society the exchange of gifts. The article of belief of give-and-take, or reciprocity, proves to be the main underlying rule, and it is this principle that fulfills a crucial role in creating social ties, trust and community. The exchange of gifts makes possible other types of exchange of material and nonmaterial goods, services, help and information. These anthropologists not only described the practices of gift giving in great position but also pointed to their manifold social, religious, psychological, esthetical, juridical functions. The functionalist approach exemplified in the work of Malinowski is echoed in Durkheims views on the functions of mechanical and organic solidarity. From the anthropological studies a greater range of possible motives for solidarity can be distilled compared to the studies by sociologists.GOOD QUOTESLevi-Strauss Goods are not only economic commodities but vehicles and instruments for realities of another order influence, power, sympathy, status, perception and the skillful game of exchange consists of a complex totality of maneuvers, advised or unconscious, in order to gain security and to fortify ones self against risks incurred through alliances and rivalry.Radin 1971 There is no such thing as a free gift Levi-strauss 1969 Exchanges are peacefully resolved wars and wars are the result of unsuccessful transactions.